Valence Charge-Carrier Reviewed

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Metal Atoms are Anions and Vice Versa

Metals are shiny or reflective of the electromagnetic spectrum as a direct deflection of one photon spin or rotation merging with the net revolution of the electron field of the metal surface.

The metal surface electron revolution (scaled spin/rotation) would produce many diffusive reflection results. They will always average to a mean of net zero deflective angle of reflection for a polished surface. The angle of incidence of a photon is its axial phase angle. That angle must be mirrored on contact with the metal.

The contact explains why only an electron field could cause the reflection. Exposed positrons or electron holes would absorb the light rather than releasing it to the environment it emerged from. That is the cause of all light and electron absorption in matter.

Metal ions can only be afforded to definition of anions at this juncture. This is a discovery which should have been made by JJ Thompson of Great Britain in the late 19th century. All other elements are dielectric elements or partial insulators relative to the least conducting metal. They are the relative cations, similar to the proper cations which metals had been thought to be. Electric current was discovered after chemistry’s valence had begun to be catalogued.

The adjustment can me made by taking normal valences as they already are in chemistry equations and placing a tiles (~) as the sign for equivalence between the classical equation and the modern equation which only describes valence electron count.

Example 1

H20

Na Cl —> Na(+) - Cl(=)

                     H20

~ [ Na Cl —> Na(7-) + Cl(-) ] , where the charge carrier is balanced in the valences.

This simpler to comprehend format is for the presentation of final answers, while preceding calculations may still be conducted the via the traditional methodology.

This is a new day for chemistry’s leap forward into to the 21st century.

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