Metallic Bonding/Reaction Formula

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Metals all have electron valences of 1+ to 3+ or of the less than 4+. Dielectrics all have valences of more than 4 -. The remaining elements are semiconductors whose valences are neutral. Carbon and Silicon are notable semiconductors. Carbon is the more conductive for some allotropes such as graphite. Metals are still more conductive.

Graphite and metal exhibit a common trait. They are both high in deeper than surface level sheen or dense sheen, as they differ from dielectrics. They also readily conduct heat, similarly. Their thermoelectric properties are obviously metal for the metals and in semi conductive for the carbon. There is relatively high conductivity, parallel to the lattice sheets, and very little conductivity perpendicular to the carbon sheets. Electron holes, known as positrons produce the opposite of sheen - non-reflective darkness.

Since metals have holes in their outer shells they must balance the electron absence by dynamically filling their space. Simultaneously, the electrons must occupy their own spatial allocation as far as possible. This is easily acceptable when we see the two needs being fulfilled by a dynamic charge-carrier field. A fluid, electron field is the result. The same electric field determines chemical interactions.

The fewer holes and the less matter density of the element, the greater its reactivity.

On that basis the iron ion, Fe (3+) is less reactive than copper ion, Cu (2+). The greater weight of a more massive nucleus would impart more gravitational energy or potential energy to the electric field, substituting the kinetic energy from the closed energy system.

Fe (3+) + Cu (2+) ~

Fe (1 -) + Cu (2+) ———> Fe (2) Cu

That would be a ratio of

2 * Fe (3+) : Cu (2+)

(To account for the true placement of the electron field, see the posted article, Chemistry: Valence Charge-Carrier Reversal.)

All that is required to represent a metallic bonding reaction - simply a metallic reaction - is to assign a the negative equivalent valency to the positive valency of the less reactive metal atom. All more reactive atoms will be assigned a positive valence below 4+. The less reactive will be assigned a negative valence of 4- plus the true, positive valence.

The mirror reaction formula would apply to dielectrics. The formula describes all forms of chemical reaction or Van Der Waals bonding.

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